Have the environmental benefits of insect farming been overstated? A critical review.

Insect farming is frequently promoted as a sustainable food solution, yet current evidence challenges many environmental benefits claimed by industry proponents. This review critically examines the scientific foundation for assessing the environmental impacts of insect farming in both human food and animal feed applications. Our analysis reveals substantial limitations in existing research. Most studies have been conducted in small-scale settings, which may not accurately reflect real-world, industrial conditions. There are significant uncertainties, with many authors highlighting the fact that the future environmental impact of large-scale insect production is unknown. This is especially true given claims that insects can be fed on food waste and that insect frass can be used as fertiliser, both of which have considerable challenges to overcome at scale. Furthermore, insect-based foods predominantly substitute for plant products with limited environmental impact rather than meat, while evidence indicates that insect feed and pet food applications, when not utilising genuine food waste, generate greater environmental impacts than conventional alternatives. By providing a comprehensive overview, this review highlights key areas for further research and ensures policymakers have a clearer picture of the remaining uncertainties surrounding this emerging industry.