IscR-mediated sensing of iron-sulfur cluster demand coordinates virulence gene expression in Yersinia pseudotuberculosis.

The type III secretion system (T3SS) is a needle-like appendage that translocates effector proteins into host cells to disrupt host defenses. Strict control of T3SS expression is critical for facultative pathogens such as Yersinia pseudotuberculosis , as the T3SS is indispensable for virulence but is metabolically costly. We previously showed that the iron-sulfur (Fe-S) cluster-coordinating transcription factor IscR controls expression of LcrF, the master regulator of the Yersinia T3SS and the YadA adhesin. Clusterless apo-IscR, the predominant IscR form during high cellular Fe-S cluster demand (aerobic, low iron conditions), promotes LcrF, T3SS, and YadA expression. Importantly, binding of apo-IscR to the lcrF promoter at a type II IscR binding site facilitates Yersinia disseminated infection. Here, we show that mutating the lcrF promoter to allow only [2Fe-2S]-IscR binding ( lcrF pTypeI ) results in hyperexpression of LcrF, the T3SS, and YadA during low Fe-S cluster demand (anaerobic, iron replete conditions). These data suggest that switching the form of IscR that can bind to the lcrF promoter reversed how iron and oxygen regulate Yersinia virulence factors. We used barcoded Y. pseudotuberculosis to probe how control of the lcrF promoter in response to iron and oxygen modifies infection dynamics. We found that the lcrF pTypeI mutant experiences a tighter bottleneck in the cecum, where Yersinia is expected to experience a low oxygen, iron replete environment. Taken together, these findings suggest that by tying T3SS and YadA expression to cellular Fe-S cluster demand, Yersinia can fine-tune its virulence repertoire to the host tissue microenvironment. Importance: Iron and oxygen availability fluctuate spatially across mammalian tissues as well as temporally during the course of bacterial infection. The [2Fe-2S] cluster coordinating transcription factor IscR senses changes in iron and oxygen levels, and plays a pivotal role in enabling pathogens like Yersinia , Salmonella , and Vibrio to express critical virulence genes. While prior research has established that iron availability and oxygen tension influence IscR abundance and DNA-binding specificity, it is unclear how these changes control the timing and location of virulence factor expression during infection. In this study, we engineered a bacterial strain to reverse the way in which iron and oxygen drive expression of two critical virulence factors through IscR. This mutant displayed altered host infection dynamics, revealing that uncoupling virulence gene expression from host tissue cues decreases bacterial fitness.