Comprehensive analysis of clinical, pathological, and molecular risk factors affecting the prognosis of patients with glioma.

Gliomas are the most common primary intracranial tumors in adults, characterized by marked heterogeneity in clinical course and survival outcomes. This retrospective observational study aimed to comprehensively assess the prognostic value of clinical, pathological, and molecular parameters in glioma patients, as defined by the 2021 World Health Organization (WHO) classification. A total of 110 patients diagnosed with primary glioma between January 2015 and December 2024 were included. Clinical data, tumor characteristics, treatment details, and molecular profiles were retrospectively collected and analyzed. Overall survival (OS) was estimated using the Kaplan-Meier method, and multivariate Cox proportional hazards regression was employed to identify independent prognostic indicators. The analysis revealed that multifocal lesions, tumor diameter ≥ 4 cm, and higher WHO grade (III-IV) were significantly associated with shorter OS. In contrast, patients who underwent chemotherapy, had MGMT promoter methylation, carried IDH1/2 mutations, or received ≥ 50% tumor resection demonstrated better survival outcomes. These findings emphasize the prognostic relevance of integrating molecular markers with traditional clinical and histopathological variables. This approach may enhance the precision of survival predictions and inform personalized therapeutic strategies in glioma management.