Journal of the history of medicine and allied sciences
Defining Success in American Fitness: Physical Culture in Early Twentieth-Century America.
Conor Heffernan
Published: 202510.1093/jhmas/jraf028
Abstract
This article examines how American physical culture entrepreneurs between 1880 and 1918 transformed ideas of health and success by merging commercial ambition with claims to scientific authority. Figures such as Eugen Sandow, Bernarr Macfadden, and A…
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