The complete chloroplast genome of Tinospora sinensis and its phylogenetic analysis.

Tinospora sinensis (Lour.) Merr. (Menispermaceae) is a medicinal plant with limited genomic resources available. Here, we assembled and annotated its 160,664 bp chloroplast genome, identifying 126 genes with a GC content of 39.31%. We detected 256 SSRs and 50 dispersed repeats, which represent potential molecular markers. IR boundary analysis showed slight expansions/contractions involving rps19, ndhF, and ycf1. Phylogenetic analysis confirmed its close evolutionary relationship with other Tinospora species. This is the first comprehensive genomic characterization of T. sinensis, providing valuable resources for taxonomy, evolution, and medicinal research in Menispermaceae.