Progress in the study of molecular markers in the prognosis assessment and recurrence patterns of glioblastoma.

Glioblastoma multiforme (GBM), the most invasive primary malignant tumor of the central nervous system, is characterized by an extremely poor prognosis and a high recurrence rate. Its significant molecular heterogeneity challenges precise diagnosis and treatment. Recently, with the rapid development of molecular pathology, the combination of histological and molecular typing has become the mainstream method for GBM diagnosis. Here, we review the impact of classic molecular markers on patient prognosis in GBM, as well as the different values of traditional and novel molecular markers in prognosis assessment. We initially discuss the correlation between molecular markers and recurrence, as well as the research progress of molecular markers in emerging technological fields. Moreover, we propose the challenges currently faced by molecular markers in glioblastoma and discuss future research directions in this field.