Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) and autoimmune diseases: unravelling complex interactions.

BACKGROUND: Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is a global healthcare problem, characterized by a progressive and irreversible decline in lung function, primarily due to airflow limitation caused by inflammation and emphysema. While smoking is the main risk factor, systemic inflammation also plays a significant role in the development and progression of the disease, particularly in relation to autoimmune conditions. RESEARCH QUESTION: This literature review provides an overview of current evidence regarding the underlying pathophysiological mechanisms that link autoimmune inflammatory processes to COPD. It also examines the clinical relevance of these associations, with a focus on potential diagnostic and therapeutic implications. METHODS: To ensure a comprehensive perspective, a broad literature search was conducted in PubMed and Embase in March 2025, using a wide range of search terms related to COPD and multiple autoimmune conditions. Relevant studies of any design were included if they provided valuable insights into the interplay between autoimmune processes and COPD, while non-English publications and commentaries were excluded. RESULTS: Studies suggest a potential association between COPD and autoimmune processes, with chronic systemic inflammation playing a central role. The evidence points to immune dysregulation as a contributing factor to both COPD progression and its connection to autoimmune conditions. CONCLUSION: The complex interactions between COPD and autoimmune diseases require further investigation. Gaining a better understanding of these interactions may provide new insights into managing patients with concurrent pulmonary and autoimmune conditions, emphasizing a growing area of clinical research.