The role of neutrophils, red blood cells, and platelets in the pathology of Alzheimer's disease.

INTRODUCTION: Alzheimer's disease (AD), the most prevalent form of neurodegenerative dementia, is characterized by core neuropathological hallmarks including abnormal deposition of β-amyloid forms neuroinflammatory plaques, hyperphosphorylated tau protein-driven neurofibrillary tangles, synaptic dysfunction, and progressive neuronal loss. DISCUSSION: Emerging evidence transcends the traditional central nervous system (CNS)-centric perspective, revealing that neutrophils, red blood cells (RBCs), and platelets may play critical roles in AD pathogenesis by modulating systemic inflammatory responses, disrupting blood-brain barrier integrity, and participating in the CNS-peripheral interactions. CONCLUSION: This review synthesizes recent advances in understanding the contributions of neutrophils, RBCs and platelets to AD pathology, which is promising to provide a transformative perspective and evidence for the in-depth understanding of the pathogenesis of AD and developing precision interventions against AD.