Spin chemistry: the key to revolutionizing energy storage and conversion efficiency.

As a fundamental property of electrons, spin and its interactions profoundly influence chemical processes and material properties. In this review, we focus on key advances in spin chemistry for energy storage and conversion technologies. Starting from the basic concepts of spin and theoretical computations, we discuss its role in the mechanisms of electrochemical thermodynamics and kinetics. We then examine advanced characterization techniques, particularly emerging in situ electrochemical methods, and summarize how these have led to new insights into electrochemical mechanisms mediated by spin effects. Next, we review the applications of spin manipulation in electrocatalysis and energy storage, along with strategies for performance enhancement and regulation, with emphasis on the intrinsic interrelationships between catalysis and energy storage systems. Finally, we outline future perspectives for spin chemistry in energy conversion and storage, particularly in the context of big data and artificial intelligence, which are poised to enhance mechanistic understanding, accelerate materials design, and improve the interpretation of structure-activity relationships. This interdisciplinary integration not only accelerates the development of sustainable, high-performance energy technologies but also lays a foundation for future innovations in spin-driven materials science.