Sequential electroporation and biomimetic mineralization on an E. coli biotemplate: green synthesis of functional porous hollow calcium phosphate capsules.

By leveraging E. coli as a biotemplate combined with electroporation and biomimetic mineralization, we developed biosafe porous hollow calcium phosphate capsules (PHCPCs) with a well-defined structure. This approach enables the precise and tunable encapsulation of various cargoes, such as therapeutic drugs and single/multiple metal oxide nanoparticles.