Application of nanomaterials in organoid culture and cryopreservation.

Organoids are three-dimensional, self-organizing microtissues obtained from stem cells, primary tissues, or patient-derived tumors through in vitro culture, which are invaluable models for studying organ development, disease mechanism modelling, drug screening, and regenerative medicine. Nanomaterials, with unique surface properties and excellent biocompatibility, have emerged as powerful tools in biomedical research, particularly in the fields of organoid construction (e.g., microenvironment modulation and advanced engineering cultivation) and cryopreservation (e.g., intracellular delivery, nanowarming, and ice-inhibition). This review comprehensively discusses the recent advancements in nanomaterial-based strategies for organoid fabrication and cryopreservation while addressing their challenges such as biocompatibility, scalability and long-term safety. Finally, we envision the prospects in the development of advanced nanomaterial-based platforms for organoid construction and cryopreservation with higher biocompatibility and standardization.