Multi-task deep learning framework combining CNN: vision transformers and PSO for accurate diabetic retinopathy diagnosis and lesion localization.

Diabetic Retinopathy (DR) continues to be the leading cause of preventable blindness worldwide, and there is an urgent need for accurate and interpretable framework. A Multi View Cross Attention Vision Transformer (MVCAViT) framework is proposed in this research paper for utilizing the information-complementarity between the dually available macula and optic disc center views of two images from the DRTiD dataset. A novel cross attention-based model is proposed to integrate the multi-view spatial and contextual features to achieve robust fusion of features for comprehensive DR classification. A Vision Transformer and Convolutional neural network hybrid architecture learns global and local features, and a multitask learning approach notes diseases presence, severity grading and lesions localisation in a single pipeline. Results show that the proposed framework achieves high classification accuracy and lesion localization performance, supported by comprehensive evaluations on the DRTiD dataset. Attention-based visualizations further enhance interpretability, indicating the framework's potential for clinical use. This framework establishes a criterion for improving state-of-the-art retinal image analysis for DR diagnosis which may result in better patient results and final clinical decision.