In situ coordinated HTL strategy for high-performance and scalable perovskite solar cells.

Achieving uniform and stable hole transport layers (HTL) is crucial for large-area perovskite solar cells (PSCs). However, current self-assembled monolayer (SAM)-based HTL suffer from weak interfacial adhesion, poor film uniformity, and limited stability, constraining their scalability. Our study proposes an integrated HTL strategy with in situ SAM anchoring during NiOx synthesis, forming a type of scalable, high-performance, and durable HTL. This strategy significantly enhances molecular ordering, energy level alignment, and charge extraction, leading to a more pronounced performance improvement in large-area slot-die coating modules. PSCs with this HTL achieved a champion PCE of 26.02% (with an active area of 0.0655 cm2), while large-area modules reached 22.80% at 23.25 cm2, 21.45% at 87.45 cm2, and 20.21% at 749.276 cm2 (certified at 19.50%), showing superior scalability. Moreover, the irradiation and thermal stability, key concerns for commercial applications, were significantly improved. The encapsulated industrial-scale modules successfully passed the three module quality tests (MQTs) in the IEC 61215-2-2021 standard: outdoor exposure (MQT 08), UV pre-conditioning (MQT 10), and wet-high temperature operating life (MQT 13) tests.