Nickel-Induced Lattice Defects Limit Proton Uptake in Barium Zirconate Electrolytes.

Nickel provides essential catalytic properties for hydrogen electrodes in proton-conducting ceramic electrochemical cells. However, Ni diminishes the hydration capability and proton conductivity when incorporated into electrolyte materials including BaZr0.8Yb0.2O3-δ studied here. Through semiquantitative atomic-resolution scanning transmission electron microscopy, density functional theory simulations, X-ray total scattering, and absorption spectroscopy, we reveal that Ni forms point defect clusters with the Yb acceptors wherein oxygen vacancies are trapped and resist hydration. The resulting effective acceptor concentration is described by point defect reactions in quantitative agreement with thermogravimetric measurements of hydration for samples substituted with 2-5 mol % Ni by BaNiO2 addition. Moreover, excess B-site cations due to NiO addition induce the formation of antiphase boundaries (APBs) that are enriched in Yb and thereby deplete the bulk of acceptors, further suppressing hydration. The adverse effects of Ni are thereby resolved into two novel mechanisms, opening new avenues in point defect engineering for high-performance electrolytes.