Development of the 5‑Nitrosalicaldehyde Arylhydrazones as Anticancer (MCF‑7 and HCT116) Agents Targeting Inhibition of VEGFR‑2 and Cytokines (IL‑6 and TNF-α).

A pseudoring replacement strategy has been employed to develop the 3-halogeno-substituted 5-nitrosalicylaldehyde arylhydrazones as potential antibreast (MCF-7) and anticolorectal (HCT116) cancer agents. The mechanism of action of the test compounds was investigated through cell cycle analysis, annexin staining (apoptosis induction), and enzymatic inhibition assays targeting vascular endothelial growth factor receptor-2 (VEGFR-2) kinase and cytokine (IL-6 and TNF-α) inhibition, including comprehensive in silico studies.