Stable n‑Type Conduction in WO x ‑CNT Hybrid Films.

Nanostructured hybrid films composed of tungsten oxide (WO x ) nanoclusters and vertically aligned carbon nanotubes (CNTs) were synthesized through a combination of chemical vapor deposition and supersonic cluster beam deposition. The use of a cluster source enabled the direct fabrication of oxygen-deficient, nonstoichiometric WO x nanoclusters, which decorated the CNT sidewalls with a characteristic "beaded necklace-style" morphology. Electrical resistance measurements under ethanol exposure in ultrahigh vacuum revealed a distinct behavior consistent with n-type conduction, unlike the intrinsic p-type behavior of pristine CNTs and of WO x films. This inversion is linked to the appearance of an interfacial charge transfer from the oxygen vacancies in the defective WO x nanoclusters to the CNTs, which injects electrons into the CNT network and shifting its Fermi level, thereby inverting the conduction type. Notably, this n-type conduction response remained stable even after prolonged air exposure. These results propose a viable approach to achieving air-stable n-type doping in CNT-based nanostructures.