Multimodal mechanisms of platelet-rich plasma in bone defect repair: Angiogenesis, inflammation modulation, and metabolic regulation.

Bone defect is the loss of bone tissue due to trauma, fracture, infection, etc. This loss may lead to non-union of fracture, bone defect or bone deficiency, which seriously affects the patient's quality of life and even leads to dysfunction and disability. Although surgical repair is a common treatment modality, the surgical procedure is complicated, with a long postoperative recovery period and certain surgical risks, such as infection and bleeding. Platelet-rich plasma (PRP), as a novel therapeutic approach, has demonstrated remarkable potential in bone defect repair. PRP is rich in growth factors, such as platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF), transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β), vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), etc., and can have a beneficial effect on bone defect repair through various mechanisms, such as the release of growth factors, the promotion of angiogenesis, the inhibition of inflammatory response, and the recruitment of activated cells and other mechanisms, which play a positive role in the repair of bone defects and provide strong support for the regeneration and repair of bone tissue.