Leaf photosynthesis and antioxidant capacity are rapidly restored by Mn3O4 nanoparticles in rice plants under Cd stress without affecting plant Cd concentration.

Nanomaterials have been increasingly applied to mitigate cadmium (Cd) stress in rice plants. However, whether foliar-applied nanomaterials can rapidly alleviate Cd toxicity within a shorter timeframe (e.g., <1 week) remains unclear. In this research,…

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