Sub-lethal neonicotinoid exposure impairs homing ability in honey bee (Apis mellifera) foragers via the disruption of energy metabolism and endocrine regulation rather than cognitive ability.

Neonicotinoid insecticides have been widely used in agriculture for pest control but pose significant risks to non-target pollinators such as honey bees (Apis mellifera). While neonicotinoids, such as imidacloprid (IMI), have been banned for outdoor…

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