Feather-inspired janus interfaces with spatiotemporal ionic programming for diabetic wound infection control and regenerative healing.

Recalcitrant wounds, such as diabetic foot ulcers (DFUs), pose a significant challenge to current therapeutic options due to persistent exudate, high infection risk, and a complex pathological microenvironment. This necessitates a novel dressing that can simultaneously provide both a physical barrier and active biological intervention. Inspired by the feathers of waterfowl, we developed a hierarchically engineered Janus dressing (PPT@PG-BG) via electrospinning, which integrates a hydrophobic antibacterial outer layer with a hydrophilic inner layer for the spatiotemporally controlled release of therapeutic ions (Mg2+, Zn2+, and Ce3+). This "external defense and internal regulation" strategy effectively re-establishes immune-angiogenic homeostasis by activating the p-ERK/Nrf2 antioxidant pathway, promoting M2 macrophage polarization, and enhancing neovascularization, ultimately achieving accelerated wound healing (97.85 % closure) in a diabetic infected wound model. In summary, this Janus dressing, which combines a simple fabrication process with integrated physical protection and multi-ion synergistic biotherapy, provides an effective strategy with significant clinical translation potential for treating complex, hard-to-heal wounds and promises to substantially improve patient outcomes.