Metformin drives the antibiotic resistome in activated sludge by reshaping microbial communities and promoting horizontal gene transfer.

Aerobic granular sludge (AGS) serves as a major reservoir and dissemination hotspot for human bacterial pathogens (HBPs) and antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs). Metformin (MET) as an emerging contaminant, which exacerbates antibiotic resistance and p…

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