Journal of autoimmunity
Vasculopathy and vasculitis associated with levamisole-adulterated cocaine: a systematic review.
Martin Scoglio, Corinne Orlando, Gregorio P Milani, Mario G Bianchetti, Gabriel Bronz, Mattia Rizzi, Sebastiano A G Lava, Benedetta Terziroli Beretta-Piccoli, Helmut Beltraminelli, Marcel M Bergmann
Published: 202510.1016/j.jaut.2025.103505
Abstract
OBJECTIVE: Levamisole, once used as anthelminthic or immunomodulator, is now a common cocaine adulterant. It is linked to a systemic vasculopathy/vasculitis. Our purpose was to review its clinical, serological, and histopathological features. METHODS…
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