Harnessing plant-soil-microbiome synergy for resilient desert restoration.

Deserts cover one-third of Earth's land and support life forms uniquely adapted to extreme climatic and environmental conditions. Restoring these ecosystems remains difficult and costly, yet knowledge of native plants, soils, and their associated microbiomes offers promising solutions. This review outlines the drivers and consequences of desertification feedback loops and explains how microbial adaptations sustain soil functions under stress. We highlight the role of plant-microbe-soil interactions in shaping functional networks that support restoration and the development of synergistic plant communities. We also highlight how the integration of ecological frameworks such as niche differentiation, network theory, and stoichiometric balance reveals new directions for restoration efforts. In this framework, emerging microbiome-based strategies can offer a path to transform barren or degraded landscapes into diverse, resilient vegetative islands.