Semiconductor manufacturing wastewater challenges and the potential solutions via printed electronics.

The rapid expansion of the semiconductor industry has not only accelerated global digital transformation but also brought serious environmental concerns, particularly through the discharge of hazardous, toxic, and persistent wastewater. Traditional semiconductor manufacturing is highly water and energy intensive, relying on critical and often toxic materials-many with proprietary or unknown chemical compositions. This review outlines the environmental impact of semiconductor wastewater, highlighting key contaminants and chemicals used in the process. Due to the complexity and sometimes the opacity of wastewater composition, current treatment technologies face significant limitations. The article also explores the potential for reducing environmental harm by transitioning toward minimal liquid discharge systems. In particular, it highlights alternative technologies such as printed electronics, which offer a promising path forward by minimizing the use of toxic chemicals, reducing energy consumption, and significantly lowering wastewater output. These strategies represent a realistic and necessary shift toward more sustainable semiconductor manufacturing practices.