Harmful algaeDinoflagellidaCiliophoraMarine ToxinsHarmful Algal Bloom
Why do some dinoflagellates produce toxins, whereas ciliates rarely do?
Albert Calbet
Published: 202510.1016/j.hal.2025.102988
Abstract
Dinoflagellates and ciliates dominate marine microzooplankton, yet widespread toxin production is largely restricted to dinoflagellates. This perspective synthesizes evolutionary, genomic, and ecological drivers of that asymmetry with direct relevanc…
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