A comprehensive review of recent advances and future perspectives on astaxanthin geometrical isomers: Biological activities, isomerization techniques, analytical methods, physicochemical characteristics, and application potential.

Astaxanthin, a xanthophyll carotenoid, exists in multiple geometric isomer forms owing to its conjugated polyene chains. In general, the all-E-isomer is predominant in nature; however, the Z-isomers are gaining increasing attention owing to their sup…

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