Exploring the interpretive processes of symptom perception among diabetes patients in eastern region of Ghana.

Background and aim: Illness perception has emerged as a critical factor influencing self-care behaviours, psychological distress, and health outcomes among patients with diabetes. However, there is limited understanding of how individuals with diabetes in Ghana cognitively interpret their symptoms. Therefore, this study explored the interpretive processes of symptom perception among diabetes patients in the Eastern Region (Koforidua) of Ghana. Methods: Using a qualitative design grounded in interpretative phenomenological analysis (IPA), data were collected through semi-structured interviews with 15 purposively selected participants attending the diabetes clinic at Koforidua Regional Hospital. The interpretative phenomenological analysis (IPA) approach was used to analyze the qualitative data. Results: Two main themes with their subthemes were identified: symptoms identification (increased urination and sweet-smelling urine, persistent thirst and hunger, noticeable weight loss; routine check-up/blood pressure; blisters, foot sore, non-healing wounds), and patients' perception (perception of diabetes as "disease of the rich"; belief in spiritual or supernatural causation; diabetes as a life-threatening and unpredictable condition). Symptom interpretation was shaped not only by personal experiences but also by sociocultural beliefs and community narratives. These interpretations highlight how cultural frameworks influence illness representation and health-seeking behaviours, consistent with the Common-Sense Model of illness perception. Conclusion: The study concludes that patients do not interpret symptoms in isolation but integrate them into broader belief systems, which significantly shape their responses to illness. To improve diabetes outcomes, public health interventions should prioritize culturally sensitive education that addresses misconceptions, enhances symptom recognition, and strengthens health literacy at the community level. Such strategies can empower patients to seek timely care, reduce late diagnosis, and improve self-management, particularly in resource-limited settings.