Current opinion in insect science
Where are we with CSD? The candidate regions and population dynamics of hymenopteran complementary sex determination.
Kelley Leung, Elzemiek Geuverink, Bart A Pannebakker
Published: 202510.1016/j.cois.2025.101480
Abstract
All Hymenoptera (bees, ants, wasps, sawflies) have haplodiploid sex determination. Unfertilized eggs develop into haploid males, and fertilized eggs develop into diploid females. Many species further have complementary sex determination (CSD), a mech…
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