Betaine attenuates chronic azoxystrobin toxicity in Oreochromis niloticus: Hemato-biochemical, antioxidant, immunological, genotoxic, and histological insights.

Environmental contamination with azoxystrobin (AZX), a widely used strobilurin fungicide, presents an increasing toxicological risk to freshwater ecosystems due to agricultural runoff. This study investigated the sublethal, chronic effects of environ…

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