Invention, innovation, and commercialisation in British biophysics.

British biophysics has a tradition of scientific invention and innovation, resulting in new technologies transforming biological insight, such as rapid DNA sequencing, super-resolution and label-free microscopy, high-throughput and single-molecule bio-sensing, and bio-inspired synthetic materials. Some advances were established through democratised platforms and many have biomedical success, a key example involving the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein during the COVID-19 pandemic. Here, three UK labs made crucial contributions revealing how the spike protein targets human cells and how therapies of vaccines and neutralising nanobodies work, enabled largely through biophysical innovations of cryo-electron microscopy. Here, we discuss leading-edge innovations which resulted from discovery-led British "Physics of Life" research (capturing blends of physical-life sciences research in the UK including biophysics and biological physics) and have matured into wide-reaching sustainable commercial ventures enabling translational impact. We describe the biophysical science which led to these academic spinouts, presenting the scientific questions that were addressed through innovating new techniques and approaches. We consider these examples through the lens of opportunities and challenges for academic biophysics research in partnership with British industry. We highlight how commercial breakthroughs have emerged organically from fundamental research rather than from technology-first approaches but also discuss lessons to learn from past failures. Finally, we propose recommendations concerning future resourcing and structuring of UK biophysics research and the training and support of its researchers to ensure that UK plc punches above its weight in biophysics innovation and a need to educate the policymakers and public that an absence of basic science impoverishes innovation.