Scalable cloud-based relay architecture for blockchain logging from distributed IoT sensors in fermentation monitoring.

The convergence of blockchain, IoT, and cloud technologies has created new opportunities for secure, transparent, and autonomous data management in smart manufacturing systems. In this study, we developed a Cloud-Blockchain Integrated Fermentation Device (CBIFD) that enables real-time monitoring and distributed logging of environmental data during fermentation. The system employs a modular sensor configuration to measure pressure, temperature, humidity, internal temperature, CO2, and pH, and is integrated with an Arduino Nano 33 IoT. Its cloud-native, self-contained architecture eliminates the need for a local server, ensuring high mobility and scalability. System performance was validated in a laboratory setting, demonstrating seamless data acquisition, reliable cloud synchronization, and consistent execution of blockchain transactions. Moreover, comparative analysis with existing IoT-blockchain architectures highlights the superior autonomy and infrastructure flexibility of the CBIFD. This work provides a robust foundation for future research aimed at enhancing process transparency and data-driven control in intelligent fermentation environments.