Building Capacity in Perioperative Quality Improvement in Low- and Middle- Income Countries: Experiences From Mombasa, Lusaka and Hawassa.

BACKGROUND: Perioperative morbidity and mortality remain disproportionately high in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs). Quality improvement (QI) has shown effectiveness in improving health outcomes and patient safety across healthcare systems globally and is often a mandatory part of training in high income countries. However, QI education in LMICs remains decentralized and limited in scope. Aiming to address this gap, we designed and delivered perioperative QI education in three LMIC settings. This study aims to summarize methodology and experiences across the three settings and outline the factors leading to success and challenges experienced to inform future QI education efforts in LMICs. METHODS: We designed and implemented a perioperative QI curriculum that included online didactic content, course assessments, and a two to three day in-person course featuring both didactic and QI project development training. Descriptive statistics were reported for course features and participant pre- and post-course survey results. Qualitative course feedback from participants and administrators is summarized in a narrative format. RESULTS: Five courses were conducted, training a total of 90 participants. Of those who completed pre-course surveys, most participants were nurses (35.5%) or residents (43.6%), and the majority (71.1%) had no prior experience with QI. Self-assessed comfort significantly improved across several domains, including understanding QI concepts, developing aim statements, and designing projects. Qualitatively, participants enjoyed the course's interactive format and recommended future offerings be longer, more frequent, and include expanded content on data analysis and project implementation. Course administrators recommend involving local partners throughout course development, forming structured plans to sustain QI initiatives started as part of the course, and ensuring any pre-course materials use context-specific examples. CONCLUSION: Implementation of a perioperative QI curriculum across three LMIC settings was feasible and associated with significant improvements in participant-reported comfort with core QI skills and knowledge. Success was driven by the inclusion of local faculty, interactive project development, and adaptation of course content to local context. Future efforts should focus on building local QI mentorship capacity, integrating QI education into residency training, and developing contextually appropriate resources to support scalable, sustainable QI training in LMICs.