Phosphate Ester-Modified Acceptor Additives Enable Concurrent Vertical Morphology and Interfacial Engineering for Organic Solar Cells Approaching 21% Efficiency.

Organic solar cells (OSCs) based on non-fullerene acceptors (NFAs) have progressed rapidly, yet further gains are constrained by coupled challenges in vertical morphology control and energy alignment at the acceptor-cathode interface. Here, a molecul…

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